Motivation Theories ( Maslow, Herzberg and Alderfer Theories)

Motivation Theories  ( Maslow , Herzberg and Alderfer Theories )
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 
●Need Hierarchy :Maslow's theory is based on the idea of ptepotency of needs . Accordingly he developed a scale on which at one end are lower order needs like physiological and security needs and at the other end higher order needs like self-actualization needs. In between these are middle order needs viz. , social and self -esteem needs. Once the physiological needs are satisfied then the need for other needs arise. These needs arise in a step -by- step process each lower order need once satisfied giving way for an unfulfilled higher order need . (A satisfied need no longer motivate a person).


 Physiological Needs 
Physiological needs may be synonymous with the biological needs of the human being like hunger ,thirst,sex, etc. The grip of these needs on the human being is so strong that unless these needs are satisfied there is no room for other needs. 


Security Needs: Human being searches for security and safety from natural calamities, dangers and deprivations.  Human organism is a safety seeking organism.  For a person whose physiological needs are satisfied his next goal is security.



Belongingness and Love Needs
Man is a social animal. Once his physiological and safety needs are fulfilled he seeks affection, love and Belongingness from other human beings and the society around him. A person with social needs severely feels the absence of his friends,family , wife and children. 


Esteem Needs
People have a desire for respect and recognition from society, work place, family and friendship circles. People normally have a high evaluation of themselves.  They have a need for self-respect and self-esteem.  They desire to work according to their own norms and beliefs.  Self esteem needs can be broadly divided into two groups, viz. , Achievement needs and Recognition needs.



Need for Self-Actualization 
Self-actualization is considered to be the highest need in the hierarchy of needs and as such it is directed towards searching  the meaning and purpose in life.Even if all other needs are satisfied a human being feels restless and tries to achieve excellence in field dearer to him.


Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 

SELF-ACTUALIZATION 
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYवSIOLOGICAL NEEDS 


Herzberg 's two factor Theory 
Frederick Herzberg extended the work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation.  In a study Herzberg concluded that job satisfiers are related to job content and that job dissatisfiers are allied to do context.  Herzberg labeled the satisfiers motivators and he called the dissatisfiers hygiene factors. The term hygiene refers to factors that are preventive ; in Herzberg's theory the hygience factors are those that prevent dissatisfaction. Taken together the motivators and the hygiene factors are known is Herzberg 's two factor theory of motivation. 

Hygiene Factors 
Company policy and administration 
Supervision
Salary
Interpersonal relations
Working conditions 

Motivators
Achievement 
Recognition
Work itself
Responsibility 
Advancement


Herzberg 's theory is closely related to Maslow's need  hierarchy.  The hygiene factors are preventive and environmental in nature and they are roughly equivalent to Maslow's lower-level needs . These hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction but the they do not lead to satisfaction. In effect  they bring motivation up to a theoretical zero level and are a necessary "floor" to prevent dissatisfaction and they serve as a platform or takeoff point for motivation.  By themselves the hygiene factors do not motivate. Only the motivators Herzberg assert motivate employees on the job. They are roughly equivalent to Maslow's higher -level needs. According to Herzberg 's  theory an individual and must have a job with a challenging content in order to be truly motivated. 



Alderfer 's ERG Theory 
Alderfer identified three groups of core needs: existence, relatedness and growth (hence ERG theory ). The existence needs are concerned with survival  (physiological well -being ). The relatedness needs stress the importance of Interpersonal social relationships.  The growth needs are concerned with the individual 's intrinsic desire for personal development. 

Alderfer 's ERG Needs 
GROWTH 
RELATEDNESS 
EXISTENCE 


Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 
ESTEEM SELF OTHERS 
LOVE 
SAFETY
PHYSIOLOGICAL 


Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs 

MOTIVATORS 
HYGIENE FACTORS



Process Theories
The process theories are more concerned with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation or effort and more importantly with the way they relate to one another.  
●Vroom 's expectancy theory
●Performance Satisfaction theory


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