Participatory Management (Resis Likert )

Participatory Management 
Rensis Likert 
Best managers in organizations focus more on people and human aspects rather than work.


1. Four Systems of Management  (Michigan Study)
1. Exploitation authuritative: In this type of management system the job of employees / subordinates is to abide by the decisions made by managers and those with a higher status than them in the organization. The subordinates do not participate in the Decision-making.  The organization is concerned simply about completing the work. The organization will use fear and threats to make sure employees complete the work set. There is no teamwork involved .



2.Benevolent authoritative : Just as in an exploitive authoritative system decisions are made by those at the top of the organization and management. However employees are motivated through rewards (for their contrivution) rather than fear and threats. Information may flow from subordinates to managers but it is restricted to " what management want to hear".


3. Consultative : In this type of management system subordinates are motivated by rewards and a degree of involvement in the Decision-making Process. Management will constructively use their subordinates ideas and opinions. However involvement is incomplete and major decisions are still made by senior management.  There is a greater flow of information (than in a benevolent authoritative system) from subordinates to management. Although the information from subordinate to manager is incomplete and euphemistic.



4.Participative Management  (System 4): Management have complete confidence in their subordinates /employees. There is lots of communication and subordinates are fully involved in the decision -making process. Subordinates comfortably express opinions and there is lots of teamwork.  Teams are linked together by people who are members of  more than one team. Likert calls people in more than one group "linking pins" . Employees throughout the organization feel responsible for achieving the organization's  objectives.  This responsibility is motivational especially as subordinates are offered economic rewards for achieving organizational goals which they have participated in setting.

Those managers that employers the System 4 approach in their management are more successful as leaders due to the participation of subordinates in management of affairs. System 4 ensures free flow of communication and Participative decision making. 



2.Principle of supportive Relationships 
It is an interaction - influence system to maximize skills, resources and motivation of individuals at different levels of the organization to facilitate integration of organization and managerial processes. Characterized by mutual respect. 


3. Linking pin Model (for PM )
It presents an organization as a number of overlapping work units in which a member of a unit is the leader of another unit . In this Scheme the supervisor /manager has the dual task of maintaining unity and creating a sense of belonging within the group he or she supervises and of representing that group in meetings with superior and parallel management staff.  These individuals are the linking pins within the organization and so they become the focus of leadership development activities. 



4. Work Groups 
Groups created for achievement of specific organizational goals based on 
●Leadership skills in everyone and rolling of leadership role
●Well established and relaxed work relationship 
●Mutual respect
●Linking Pin Model
●Participative style

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